a | MD xoramure NOTES 
AND MONOGRAPHS 


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~ INTER. “LIBRARY yy M4 tert Ss RE oh 
CENTER Ep AS) ail a 


NOTES ON “THE DECORATIONS _ 
AND MEDALS OF THE FRENCH 
_ COLONIES AND PROTECTORATES | 


BY i 
_HARROLD E. GILLINGHAM > 


| Tae American Numismatic Society 
_ Broapway ar 156TH Street 

New York 

1928 


Peet SOMATIC 


~ NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS 


NumIsMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS 
is devoted to essays and treatises on sub- 
jects relating to coins, paper money, medals 
and decorations, and is uniform with Hispanic 
Notes and Monographs published by the 
Hispanic Society of America, and with 
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the Museum of the American Indian— 


Heye Foundation. 


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AGNES BALDWIN BRETT, Chairman 
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EDITORIAL STAFF 


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HowLaNnD Woop, Associate Editor 


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Brevet of Ouissam Alaouit Cherifien 


BOE E'S 
on the 
DECORATIONS AND MEDALS 
of the 


FRENCH COLONIES AND 
PROTECTORATES 
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BY bE 

HARROLD E. GILLINGHAM 5 
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Tut AMERICAN NuMISMATIC SOCIETY 
Broapway AT 156TH STREET 
New York 
1928 


THe AMERICAN Noumisma’ n 


NOTES ON THE DECORATIONS AND 
Pee Or) 1 HE PRENCH COL- 
ONIES AND PROTECTORATES 


By Harroitp E. GILLINGHAM 


To many persons the French Colonies include 
only those on the African Mediterranean coast 
and Indo-China. Few realize the extent of the 
colonial possessions and protectorates or the num- 
ber of their varied inhabitants. In North Africa, 
Morocco, Algiers and Tunis comprise an enor- 
mous territory, while south and south-west of 
their Saharan land are the colonies of Equa- 
torial Africa (or Congo)—Guinea, Sudan, Da- 
homey (or the kingdom of Porto Novo), Ivory 
Coast, West Africa, the Senegals, Nigeria, with 
Somaliland (or Obock) in the east of that great 
continent. South-east of Africa are Madagascar, 
St. Marie and the Comoro Islands, while in the 
far East, ‘Cambodia, Cochin-China, Annam, 
Laos and Tongking comprise what is usually 
spoken of as French Indo-China. In addition to 
the above there are Pondicherry in India, the 
Reunion and other islands in the South Pacific 
and Indian Oceans, such as New Caledonia, the 
Society and Marquesas Islands, with Guiana, 

I 


é. DECORATIONS Ce 


Martinique, Guadaloupe, and St. Pierre and 
Miquelon in the Western Hemisphere. 

These possessions, which are practically all in 
the Tropics, include many millions of inhabi- 
tants—Arabs, Negroes and Asiatics; all of whom 
are generally so successfully ruled that they are 
most loyal to the French. In point of area these 
colonies and protectorates are twenty times as 
large as France itself and forty per cent greater 
than the United States. 

The nominal rulers of some of these countries 
have established their own Orders, Decorations 
and Medals of Award. Some of these have never 
been recognized by France, cannot be worn in 
France without permission, and are treated as for- 
eign Orders. In other colonies the French au- 
thorities have established honours which are 
awarded only upon the approval of the Grand 
Chancellor of the Legion of Honour, and these are 
known as Colonial Decorations. In both cases per- 
mission must be granted by the same Grand Chan- 
cellor before citizens of France may wear the 
insignia. . 

It is the purpose of this article to treat all the 
Orders, Decorations and Medals of the several 
colonies and protectorates known, whether they 
have or have not been officially recognized. Be- 
fore doing this it might be of interest to explain 
the order of precedence in the wearing of decora- 


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Poem CH COLONIES 3 


tions by French citizens. The National Order of 
the Legion of Honour always has first rank— 
over and above all other Orders of the colonies 
or protectorates. The following is the order: 


Légion d’Honneur 

Médaille Militaire 

Croix de Guerre 

Recognized Orders of Colonies 

Commemorative Medals 

Palmes Universitaires 

Order of Agricultural Merit 

Medals of Honour 

Orders of Colonies or Protec- 

torates, not recognized. 
Orders of Foreign countries 
When a citizen of France has been awarded a 

foreign decoration, permission to wear it in 
France must be obtained from the Grand Chan- 
cellor of the Legion of Honour. ‘To obtain this, 
the brevet of the foreign decoration is submitted 
to the Chancellor, who stamps the Visé pour 
Autorisation thereon, together with the number of 
the brevet of permission to be issued. This is 
called the Brevet pour Ordres Etranger, and in it 
is recited the name, occupation and grade of the 
recipient, together with the name of the order 
and a reproduction thereof in colour. A small fee 
is charged for this registration (see the illustra- 
tion of permission to wear the Royal Order of 


4 DECORA LG 


Cambodia—Pl. I). If a brevet is issued in a lan- 
guage other than French, a translation thereof 
is given by the Colonial authorities (see the brevet 
and translation of the Ouissam Alaouit Cher- 
ifien—Frontispiece and Pl. IT). 

Inasmuch as the official native records of some 
of the orders herein described have been lost or 
destroyed during the many changes of govern- 
ment in the several colonies and protectorates, it 
is possible that some decorations have been omit- 
ted. All known authorities have been consulted 
and the best endeavor has been made to confirm 
all statements made. 

Thanks are due to M. André Salles of Paris,— 
M. André Silice of the Ecole des Beaux Arts 
Cambodgiens, Pnom-Penh, Cambodia,—M. L. 
Cadiere, Cua-Tung, Annam,—Mr. Maxwell Blake, 
American Consul General at Tangier, Morocco; 
and to Mrs. Albert Duprez of Algiers, for gen- 
erous and valuabie assistance. To all of them 
the writer is deeply grateful. 


PRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS Pith 


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AR €FRADUCTION) 


Salhi Se ee 


& GOUVERNEMENT CHERIFIEN 


Chancellerie des Ordres Cheérifiens 


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Youssef fue: Ei Monsen ben Mohammed ; Dieu est son Protecteur ; Celui qui ¢kee 
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_— Celui qui se réfagie en toi. 5 la plus noble des créatures,.- Celui-la, [oii 
fe profige contre tout péril. * a 


MOROCCO 


Translation of Brevet Ouissam Alaouit Cherifien 


fm ieOn COLONTES 5 


ALGERIA 


This region of North Africa, between Tunis 
and Morocco, was first occupied by the Berbers, 
and in the sixth century B.C. by the Carthagin- 
ians. After the Punic wars, Roman control gave 
it a period of remarkable prosperity. It was dev- 
astated by the Vandals, controlled successively by 
the Byzantines, Arabs and Turks, and in the 17th 
and 18th centuries became a great menace to South- 
ern Europe because of the pirates who infested 
the coast. Early in the nineteenth century the 
country along the Mediterranean was subdued by 
the French and English and gradually came under 
the domination of France. It is now managed by 
a French Governor-General and has become one 
of the most prosperous regions in Northern Af- 
rica. 

There are no official Algerian Decorations. 
Those which are usually awarded in France are 
also bestowed upon the native Algerians when 
circumstances warrant; but there was an interest- 
ing decoration instituted by Abd-el-Kader, a re- 
bellious Arab chieftain, well worth recording. 


ORDER OF THE SILVER HAND, or Déco- 
yation du Chéia. This was created in November 
1839 by Abd-el-Kader (1808-1883), an insurgent 
who for twenty years gave the French authorities 


6 DECORA TI OWS aoe: 


much trouble in the West. It was instituted two 
and a half years after the treaty of Tafna, the 
terms of which recognized his authority in West- 
ern Algeria. Abd-el-Kader, son of Mahi-ed-Din 
and Zohara, his wife, was born in Mascara, Al- 
geria, in the year 1223 of the Hégira (1808) and 
was proclaimed “Amir of the Arabs” in the 
vicinity of Oran, November 22, 1832. For many 
years he was a thorn in the flesh to the French, 
but was finally captured and imprisoned at Toulon, 
France.* He later became a patriotic French- 
man, and as such he died in France, May 26, 
1883.+ . 

The decoration was founded to inspire rivalry 
in the regular army, and was only granted for 
brilliant action or for great services rendered, 
either to the Faith or to the country. The Chéia 
varies in form according to the grade, and con- 
sists of a gold or silver plaque in the centre of 
which are the Arabic characters, NASIR ED 
DIN, “The upholder of the Faith.” Attached to 
this are the so-called fingers; the number of which 
indicates the importance of the award. To the 
Aghas in chief of the cavalry or infantry, the 
award took the form of a plaque and eight fingers 

* Petit Larousse Illustre, 1925, says (page 1169) : 
“ Abd-el-Kader was imprisoned in the Chateau d’Am- 
boise in 1848-1852.” 

+“ L’Emir Abd-el-Kader, 1808-1883” by Col. Paul 
Azan, 1925. 


ferent COLONIES 4 


in gold; to ordinary Aghas, seven fingers in gold; 
to Khadjas of a thousand men, six fingers in gold; 
to Siafs (superior officers), five fingers, of which 
two are silver and three are gold, with a silver 
plaque; to Khadjas of one hundred men, plaque in 


Facsimilé d’une décoration (grandeur réduite de moitié) 


silver with five fingers, two of which are gold and 
three silver; to Kebir-er-roff (chief of rank), 
plaque of silver and four fingers, two in gold and 
two in silver; to Kahia (lieutenant), plaque in 
silver with three fingers, one gold and two of 


8 DECORATIONS 2. 


silver. The receipt of the Chéia carries with it 
certain privileges. ‘‘ He who has it is treated by 
his superiors with the greatest consideration, and 
until the grade of Kebir-er-roff inclusive, he may 
enter freely the house of his superiors, even in my 
house.’ * 

The Chéia was also awarded to officials not 
belonging to the Army, who were in the admin- 
istrative or financial service of the Amir. ‘The 
decoration was not worn on the breast, but car- 
ried on the head, where it was held in place by 
the aid of the hooks, which attached it to the 
haik, or white cloth head covering. 

* From The Emir Abd-el-Kader, Military Regulations. 


Translated by F. Patouri, Military Interpreter, Fontana 
Press, Algiers, 1890. 


FRENCH COLONIES 9 


MOROCCO 


Morocco, the country of the Moors, consists of 
the Western and North-western section of Africa, 
extending westward from Algeria to the Atlantic 
Ocean and South to the Spanish protectorate of 
Rio de Oro. This was called Mauretania by the 
Romans. From the earliest times the inhabitants 
of this country have been troublesome to Euro- 
peans. Since 1907 France has had an influence in 
Morocco, which has steadily increased until in 
1916 a territory larger than the State of Texas 
became a French Protectorate, save for a very 
small section extending from the Strait of Gi- 
braltar to a short distance beyond Melilla (known 
as the Spanish zone), and the internationalized 
zone of Tangiers. During the French occupation 
there has been a steady advance; now French 
Morocco has become safe for foreigners and the 
inhabitants are more prosperous than ever before. 
Too much cannot be said in praise of the French 
system of Colonial government. Fez, the seat of 
the Moslem learning for more than one thousand 
years, is the Holy City of Morocco. The Sultan 
of the country is assisted and advised by a Resi- 
dent-General, who is appointed by the French 
government. 


10 DECORA TIGR Sa 


THE ORDER OF NICHAN-HAFIDIEN 
(or Ouissam Hafidien) was founded August 7, 
1910, by the Sultan Moulay-Hafid,* who had been 
proclaimed Sultan in 1908 and who abdicated in 
1912. There are the usual five classes. The 
decoration is of the same form for all grades, 
but the wreath of palm leaves surmounting the 
star is of silver for the Chevaliers. The insignia, 
which varies in size according to the grade, con- 
sists of a gold star of six points superimposed on 
silver-faceted rays, surmounted by a wreath ot 
two gold palm branches, tied at the bottom. In 
the centre is a deep red-enamelled field, bearing 
Arabic characters in gold, signifying “ His 
Majesty Hafid”’; this is surrounded by a white and 
gold circle. On the points of the star, in Arabic, 
is the motto, “ There is no God but Allah and 
Mohammed is his Prophet.’’ The reverse is plain 
and the ribbon is red, with a white stripe on each 
side. Plate III. 


THE OUISSAM ALAOUIT CHERIFIEN 
was created by the Sultan Moulay-Youssef + in 
a dahir (decree) issued from the Southern Capital 
of Morocco under date of Safar 2, 1331 (January 

* Moulay is an Arab word signifying Master or 
Ruler, and is a title carried by many of the sultans of 
Morocco. Spelt also Moulai, Mouley or Muley. 


+ Moulay-Youssef was a brother of Moulay-Hafid 
whom he succeeded in 1912. He died Nov. 17, 1927. 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS Bip Hi 


MOROCCO 
Order of Nichan-Hafidien 


Order of Ouissam Alaouit Cherifien 


Pera COLONIES 11 


[I, 1913), to replace the Order of the Ouissam 
Hafidien. There are five grades, Grand Gordon, 
for members of the Cherifien royal family only, 
Grand Officers, Commanders, Officers and Cheva- 
liers. The decoration is a five-pointed, ball-tipped 
star of gold, white-enamelled and with red edges. 
There are palm leaves between the points except 
for the fifth grade, and all are surmounted by two 
palm branches tied at the bottom. On the white 
star, in Arabic, is the motto, ‘‘ There is no God but 
Allah and Mohammed is his Prophet.’ In the 
centre medallion of red enamel, in gold Arabic 
letters, is “His Majesty Youssef.” On the re- 
verse in a field of gold is a red enamelled Cherifien 
umbrella. The plaque is an enlargement of the 
obverse of the Cross superimposed on five faceted 
rays. The ribbon is light orange in colour. 
Pilates iE 


THE CHERIFIEN ORDER OF MILITARY 
MERIT was created by the Sultan Moulay- 
Hafid, August 7, 1910, and confirmed by a decree 
of Moulay-Youssef of December 30, 1912, regu- 
lating its award to soldiers of the Moroccan army 
and to members of the French army and navy, for 
distinguished conduct under fire. The decoration 
is a silver medal 30 mm. in diameter, edged with 
a laurel wreath. In a field of green enamel is a 
gold star of six points, bearing on a red-enamelled 


ie DECORATI GOS 2. 


centre the Arabic inscription “His Majesty 
Hafid.” On the reverse centre of gold is the 
Arabic motto “ Cherifien Military Merit.” The 
medal is surmounted by two crossed flags of silver 
with gold crescents at the tips of the staffs. These 
provide the means of attachment to the ribbon, 
which is white with a red band on each side, and 
with a rosette for the highest grade Plate IV. 


PRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS Prociy 


MOROCCO 
Order of Military Merit 


FRENCH COLONIES 13 


TUNIS 


To speak of Tunis is to think of the Barbary 
States, an important part of the Mohammedan 
Empire. During the age of the Crusaders, this 
section was called the Empire of the Almoravids. 
The Arabs of the present day call the country 
Afrikiyah, which is probably derived from the 
Greek word A-phriké, meaning without cold. In 
the second and third centuries B.C. the country 
was frequently invaded by the Romans. Latin 
historians tell us that the Roman General, Scipio 
Aemelianus (the Younger Scipio), decorated his 
soldiers of the Legion, for heroic action, with 
garlands of roses. This is the first known mili- 
tary decoration pertaining to Tunis. The men 
of that legion were the first to enter the ramparts 
of Carthage in 146 B.C. The territory had many 
rulers before it came under the domination of the 
Turks, and since 1881 it has been a French Pro- 
tectorate. During this period the inhabitants of 
Tunis have greatly prospered under the admirable 
system of French Government. The country is 
managed by a French Resident-General, though 
ostensibly ruled by the Bey, whose powers are 
limited, The title of “Bey” is hereditary; the 
present ruler Mohammed-en-Nasir is descended 
from Hussein-ben-Ali who was supposed to have 
been a Greek converted to Islamism in the seven- 
teenth century. 


14 DECORATIONS OF 


The French Government does not class all of 
the Tunisian decorations and medals among the 
Colonials, but treats them the same as those of a 
foreign nation; special permission must first be 
obtained, before a citizen may wear them in 
France. The Order of Nichan Iftikhar is the 
only one recognized. 


THE NICHAN IFTIKHAR, or Order of Glory 
or Distinction, is the best known of the Tunisian 
Decorations, probably because it is the only one 
now awarded to foreigners. In its earlier days 
it was bestowed upon the officers and high digni- 
taries of the Husseinite realm only. Authorities 
differ both as to who first founded the order and 
the date of its creation. According to M, Henri 
Hugon in Les Emblems des Beys de Tunis (Paris, 
1913) it was adopted in 1832 or 1834 and prob- 
ably inspired by the Turkish order of the same 
name. He also mentions and illustrates a por- 
trait of Comte Raffo, wearing the insignia of 
the Order, bearing the name of Mustapha Bey 
in jewels, also one of Ahmed Bey. Mustapha 
Bey died in 1837 and was succeeded by Ahmed 
Bey, who is incorrectly given as the founder by 
several authorities. MM. Hugon also quotes the 
writer, El Beji el Messaoudi, who said, “It is 
this Bey (Mustapha) who created the Nichan 
Iftikhar, on which he had made in precious stones 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS Piney. 


TUNIS 


Order of Nichan Iftikhar (old style) 


Pee COLONIES 15 


his name, and awarded it to his minister of For- 
eign Affairs.” Certain French and Italian au- 
thorities give credit to Ahmed Bey and fix the 
date as 1837 or 1844, but if M. Henri Hugon is 
correct the credit should be given to Mustapha 
Bey. In 1846 when visiting Paris, the Bey of 
Tunis bestowed several decorations of this order 
on officials in France. The design varied ac- 
cording to the rank of the one honoured; thus the 
idea of different grades or classes. All the in- 
signia bore in the centre the monogram or name 
of the reigning Bey, usually set with diamonds 
or other precious stones. The number and quality 
of the stones vary with the rank of the one 
decorated. Many modifications were made in the 
decoration and the methods of its award between 
1850 and 1882. At this later date the regulations 
allowed the bestowal upon foreigners and women. 
The Order as we know it today consists of six 
grades: Grand Cross, Grand Officer, Commander, 
Officer and Chevalier of the first and second 
classes. The plaque of the first class is a ten- 
pointed silver star of alternate green and red 
points, resting on faceted rays. In the centre of 
green enamel, in Arabic characters, is the name 
of the reigning Bey. This is surrounded by a 
jeweled circle: The whole is richly studded with 
precious stones. The badge is a star, similar to 
the plaque though smaller, resting on faceted rays. 


16 DECORAT! OFfsse aan. 


The arms or points are enamelled alternately red 
and green, and surmounted by a jeweled knot 
of three loops, to which is attached the suspen- 
sion ring for the ribbon—light green with two 
narrow red stripes on each side. The reverse is 
plain. The officer’s badge has a rosette on the 
ribbon and the badge of the sixth class is en- 
tirely of silver, unenamelled. Plates V and VI. 


The NICHAN-ED-DEM, or Ordre du Sang 
(Order of the Royal Family), was reserved for 
members of the royal house of Hussein—the 
founders of the reigning dynasty of Tunis. This 
family originally came from Crete and ruled 
in Tunis from 1691. Although reserved for 
Husseinite princes, it has occasionally been 
bestowed upon the President of France and other 
high French officials. It was founded by Ahmed 
Bey in 1837, modified in 1855, and Mohammed-es- 
Sadok reorganized the Order in February, 1861 
(Chaban 1277). 

The decoration of gold and diamonds is circu- 
lar in form, having rows of diamonds terminating 
in twelve points, with fleurons intervening. 
Above this jeweled piece is a knot of gold 
ribbon with five loops and two ends, likewise 
jeweled. The reverse is plain, and the suspension 
ribbon is green with a double line of red on 
either side. 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


Order of Nichan Iftikhar (new style) 


PE: 


VI 


Peo Ee VCOLONIES ban Be 


THE NICHAN-EL-AHED-EL-AMAN was 
instituted the 22 Djoumadi II 1276 (January 16, 
1860), by the Bey, Mohammed-es-Sadok, in com- 
memoration of his confirmation (in September 
1859) of the Pact of Confidence or Security, 
which was promulgated by his predecessor, Mo- 
hammed Bey, September 10, 1857.* The Order 
is conferred only upon those ministers and gen- 
erals of the army, and civilians who have rendered 
loyal and conspicuous services to the sovereign or 
the government. The insignia is a gold star of 
ten points, enamelled green, with trophies of arms 
and flags of gold and red enamel superimposed. 
On this is an oval medallion, surrounded by emer- 
alds, and below is a knot of ribbon likewise 
jeweled. On the medallion of red enamel, in 
Mvabie Characters of gold, is the motto, “The 
Favour of Mohammed-es-Sadok and his Conf- 
dence 1276 (1860).” The name of Mohammed 
and the date of the foundation are in the extreme 
centre of the medallion, in emeralds, on a gold 
field. Each successive Bey placed his name and 
date similarly on the medal he issued. Sur- 
mounting the star is a green-enamelled flag on a 
gold staff, back of which is the suspension ring 
for the ribbon, which is green with two red stripes 
each side. 

* Canon Paschal in Les Ordres Chevaleresques, Mar- 


seille, 1895, says this was the First Order of Tunis and 
founded November 11, 1874, by Mohammed-Essadiq. 


18 DECORATIONS 2 


MEDAL FOR CRIMEA—1853. Arthur 
Daguin, a French writer, in Les Decorations 
Francais et des Protectorates (Paris, 1900) states 
that the Sultan, Mohammed-es-Sadok, created a 
silver medal in 1855 for the Tunisian troops tak- 
ing part in the Crimean war but gives no descrip- 
tion. No other writer mentions it. As the Tunis- 
ian troops in the Crimean war served under the 
Turkish commanders, it is likely that the Turkish 
medal for this war was given to Tunisian troops 
and thus confused. : 


MEDAL FOR ARAB UPRISING 1864. Mo- 
hammed-es-Sadok Bey created on the 4th Hidje 
1281 (April 29, 1865) a medal for those who took 
part in suppressing the insurrection of the Arabs, 
led by Ali ben Gdahoum, in 1864. The medal was 
of gold for officers and of silver for the privates. 
It was 30 mm. in diameter, and holed for the 
suspension ring, while the officers’ medal had a 
gold knot of three loops surmounting the medal. 
On the obverse within a wreath of laurel branches 
is a trophy of arms and flags, At the centre 
of this is a round medallion inscribed in Arabic, 
“Tftikhar 1281.” On the reverse, within two 
laurel branches, is “ Mohammed-es-Sadok Bey.” 
The ribbon is green with two red stripes each side. 


Pe CrH COLONTES 19 


The MEDAL for the expedition against Adel 
Bey was created in 1867 by Mohammed-es-Sadok, 
of gold and silver, oval in form, 35 x 28 mm. in 
size. On the obverse, between a laurel and palm 
branch, is a representation of the insignia of 
Nichan-ed-Dem, below which, in Arabic, is 
“ litikhar” and the date 1284 (1867). On the 
reverse, in Arabic, is the name of the Bey. The 
method of suspension and ribbon are similar to 
those for the previous medal. 


THE MEDAL OF 1881 was authorized by Ali 
Bey in 1882, to reward the troops who took part 
in the expedition of 1881 against the troublesome 
Arabs of the West. This was oval in form and 
similar to the medal of 1867, except that the re- 
Werse is-inscribed in Arabic, “Ali Bey 1299” 
(1882). The ribbon is similar. 


Since thé beginning of the French Protectorate 
and the treaties of 1881 and 1883, the Tunisian 
troops fighting under the tri-colour are awarded 
the Medaille Coloniale of the French Republic. 


The following Orders issued by certain of 
the European authorities are sometimes classed 
as Tunisian by writers on the subject, and are in- 
cluded here merely because their purposes were 
more or less related to Tunis and North Africa. 


20 DECORA TiO a] 


ORDER OF SAINT MARY OF MERCY, 
During the thirteenth century, the frequent inva- 
sions of the Italian, French and Spanish coasts, by 
the Barbarians and Moors of Northern A frica, 
caused a number of Military and Religious Orders 
to be established in these countries. The earliest 
of which we have any record was created in Aug- 
ust 1218 by James I, king of Aragon, and called 
the Order of Our Lady of Mercy or the Order 
of Saint Mary of Merced. The object of the 
formation of this order was to free the Christian 
captives in the hands of the Moors. 

Ehas Ashmole states that so well did they carry 
out the intentions of the order that 400 Chris- 
tian captives were set at liberty during the first 
six years. The insignia was a shield, the upper 
half of which bore a silver or white cross on a 
red field and the lower half had four vertical red 
lines on a white field, like the arms of Aragon. 


ORDER OF THE SHIP. Tiistwae grease 
by St. Louis of France in 1269 when he set sail 
from Aigues-Mortes for Africa, with forty 
thousand men, the object being to encourage the 
nobility of that country to accompany him on his 
crusade to suppress the Mohammedans. ‘The in- 
signia was a collar of alternate gold scallop shells 
and silver interlaced double crescents connected 
by a gold chain. From this was suspended an 


Meow on GOLONTES 21 


oval of gold bearing the figure of a ship; the 
shells representing the shores from which he 
sailed, the chained double crescents signifying 
the emblem of the infidels he expected to conquer. 
Owing to the design of the collar this is often 
called the Order of the Sea-shell or the Order of 
the Double Crescent. 


CRUE Or SAINT PETER: Founded in 
1520 by Pope Leo X, to suppress the barbarians 
of Africa who infested the coasts and raided the 
shipping of the Mediterranean Sea. No account 
of the insignia is given. 


ORDER OF SAINT PAUL OF ROME was 
instituted in 1540 by the Pope, Paul III, for the 
same purpose. ‘These two orders were at that 
time united, and had for their insignia an oval 
of gold bearing on one side the image of Saint 
Peter and on the other that of Saint Paul. This 
was suspended from a collar composed of three 
gold chains. 


ORDER OF THE BURGUNDIAN CROSS 
was founded July 22, 1535 (St. Mary Magdalene’s 
day), by Charles V, King of Spain and Emperor 
of Germany, as Favine says, “at the Kingdome 
of Thunis in Affrica.” It was to commemorate 
his entrance into Tunis after he had defeated the 


22 DECORA TIO 


pirate Khair-ed-Din, surnamed Barbarossa, and 
restored the native prince to the throne of Tunis. 
The badge was a Burgundian cross to which was 
attached a steel, striking sparks. Around this 
device was the word BARBARIA. This was sus- 
pended by a gold neck-chain. 


FRENCH COLONIES a 


DAHOMEY 


Since 1863 the French have been interested in 
developing the southern coast of the West Afri- 
can country. In that year Porto-Novo became a 
French colony—it is sometimes called the King- 
dom of Porto-Novo. Like many other regions 
on the coast of Guinea, there was trouble with the 
natives. It was not until the end of the last cen- 
tury that, with the assistance of the French, 
Toffa, the King of Porto-Novo, was able to rest 
in undisturbed possession of the land, and free 
from the troublesome neighboring tribes. 


Po eon Ore lTHE BLACK STAR OF 
BENIN was instituted at Porto-Novo, December 
I, 1889 (some writers say August 30, 1892), 
by King Toffa (Houenou Baba Dassi), a Royal 
Prince of Dahomey, to reward those who had as- 
sisted in making his kingdom secure. The order 
was recognized by the French in 1892. During 
the World War many foreigners received this 
decoration—over 280 were awarded to Americans. 
Why, of all the French Colonial orders, this was 
selected to be given them, is unknown, and _ in- 
quiries on that point have been unanswered. 
There are five grades, Grand Cross, Grand Of- 
ficer, Commander, Officer and Chevalier. The in- 


24 DECORATIONS OF 


signia is a Maltese cross enamelled white with 
blue edges; between the arms are rays of gold and 
the whole is surmounted by a green-enamelled 
oak and laurel wreath, to which the suspension 
ring is attached. On the centre of the cross is a 
five-pointed star of black enamel. ‘The obverse 
and reverse are the same and the ribbon is light 
blue moiré. Plate VII. 


MEDAL FOR ATCHUPA. This was created 
in 1890 in connection with the brilliant action on 
the 20th of April of that year, when the troops 
of Toffa, under Colonel Terrillon, were victorious 
at Atchupa, against the native pretenders to the 
throne. The medal is of silver, 30 mm. in diam- 
eter, having on the obverse, within a wreath of 
oak and laurel, the Arms of the Kingdom (a 
silver star in upper field with a rampant leopard 
beneath a palm tree in the lower field; the whole 
surmounted by a royal crown) ; above is TOFFA 
ROI. On the plain reverse field is COMBAT 
D’ATCHUPA 1890. The ribbon is light blue 
with three black bands: a large one in the cen- 
tre and a narrow one each side. 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS Prev iL 


DAHOMEY 


Order of the Black Star of Benin 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS PrusVill, 


ms 


A CAMPAGNE 


f) & 


E DAHOMEE 


A A 
, 
, 
Yi 
fy 


Medal for Dahomey 


FRENCH COLONIES 25 


THE MEDAL FOR DAHOMEY, 18092. Fol- 
lowing the troubles of 1892, with Behanzin the 
pretender to the throne of Dahomey, Toffa cre- 
ated a medal to reward those taking part in the 
campaign under General Dodds. It is of silver 
or bronze, 30 mm. in diameter, having at the 
obverse centre the crowned arms of the King- 
dom, above which in relief is TOPFFA ROI. Be- 
low are two laurel wreaths. The reverse, which 
is plain, has i teliel CAMPAGNE / DU / DA- 
HOMEY 17892. A variant of this medal has 
only the words TOFFA / ROI on the obverse, be- 
tween two branches of oak and laurel. The rib- 
bon is green with three vertical white stripes. 

Another medal for Service, in the writer’s col- 
lection, has on the obverse, within a wreath of 
oak and laurel branches, TOFFA ROI, and on 
the reverse the crowned arms of the Kingdom 
encircled by the inscription ROYAUME DE 
PORTO NOVO. No record has been found for 
this medal, or for the ribbon. Piste sViILis 


26 DECORA T!] Of oe 


TAJURAH or COLONY OF OBOCK 


This small section of Eastern Africa in French 
Somaliland, hardly two hundred miles square, is 
located on the Gulf of Tajurah, at the Southern 
extremity of the Red Sea, near the Straits of Bab- 
el-Mandeb. In 1856 the French secured their 
first foothold in this region at Obock, and within 
the next forty years had extended their influence 
over several of the small Sultanates of the vicinity. 
One of these was the Sultanate of Tajurah, which 
came under the protection of the tri-colour by 
treaty of October 13, 1884. 


THE ORDER OF NICHAN-EL-ANOUAR 
of Tajurah was created by the Sultan and Sovy- 
ereign of Tajurah, Homed Ben Mohammed in 
1887 (some say in 1884). This was acknowledged 
and approved by the French Government, July 17, 
1888. It was formed as a memorial of the taking 
of the Sultan and his people under the pro- 
tection of France. There are the usual five classes 
and the decoration is a ten-pointed silver star with 
faceted arms, between which are ten five-pointed 
gold stars, surmounted by a royal crown, above 
which is a crescent. On a blue-enamelled cen- 
tral medallion is a five-pointed silver star, which 
is encircled by a red-enamelled band inscribed in 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


TAJURAH 


Order of Nichan—El—Anouar 


Pre 


IX 


FRENCH COLONIES 27 


Arabic characters, and three stars. The plaque 
is sinfilar to the badge, but larger and without a 
crown. The ribbon is of three equal stripes, two 
of blue with one of white in the centre. 

Plate 1X. 


MEDAL OF DJIBOUTI. When M. Legarde 
was the Governor of the French colony on the 
Gulf of Aden, in French Somaliland, about the 
end of the past century, he secured from Paris a 
number of medals of white metal for distribution 
among worthy natives. There seems to have 
been no authorization by the French Republic for 
these, and no writers on the subject mention them. 
The medal, 28 mm. in diameter, bears on the 
obverse the head of the Republic, facing to the 
left, encircled by REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE. 
On the obverse, within a wreath of oak and laurel, 
is DEVOUEMENT A LA FRANCE. The sus- 
pension ring for the ribbon—the tri-colour, rea, 
white and blue—is an oblong of laurel. 


28 DECORATIONS Go 


COMORO ISLANDS 7 


This small archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 
North-west of Madagascar, was first discovered 
by Europeans in 1598. In 1840 France first as- 
sumed control over the island of Mayotte, and by 
1886 the entire group of islands was placed under 
the protection of the tri-colour. There are four 
main islands, Anjouan (sometimes called Johanna 
or N’Souani, the island of the Hand), Great 
Comoro, Moheli and Mayotte. In addition there 
are numerous small islands. Each of the larger 
islands had its own separate Sultan or ruler, but 
are all now subject to the French authorities. A 
local tradition is that the Arabs visited these is- 
lands in the first century A.D., and that a colony 
of Arabs, under a chief of the family of Anjouan, 
settled on the island of that name, sent their sub- 
jects to the islands of Mayotte, Moheli and Co- 
moro, and for that reason Anjouan has been 
recognized as supreme. Three of the Sultans had 
Orders of their own, though only that of An- 
jouan is recognized by France. 


THE ROYAL.-ORDER OF THE STAR OF 
ANJOUAN was founded by the Sultan Said- 
Abdallah in 1860, though some writers consider 
it earlier. It was reorganized June 18, 1892, by 
the Sultan Mohammed-Said-Omar and_ recog- 


Pu. x 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


COMORO 


Royal Order of the Star of Anjouan 


Peo COLONLES 29 


nized by the French authorities September 12, 
1896. There are four grades, Chevalier, Officer, 
Commander and Grand Cross. ‘The order is 
awarded to women as well as men for services 
io, 4ne —Protectorate. The Chevalier’s cross is 
silver, the officer's of gold and the other grades 
are silver-gilt. 

The insignia is an eight-pointed star, each arm 
being composed of eight rays; in the oval cen- 
tral medallion of white enamel is a gold crescent 
surmounted by a gold hand—the emblem of An- 
jouan—and in the upper field, in Arabic char- 
acters, “ The Royal Order of the Star of Anjouan.” 
Around this on a gold band is the title in French, 
Oneieerreor Aa DE L’ETOILE D’AN- 
JOUAN * COMORES *. The ribbon is now light 
blue with two narrow orange bands each side, 
though formerly it was red with white stripes 
each side. The plaque is similar to the cross, but 
80 mm. in diameter. Plate sxe 


THE ORDER OF THE STAR OF COMORO, 
which is not recognized by France, was estab- 
lished by the Sultan of Great Comoro. No 
authority has been found which gives his name 
or the date of creation. There seem to be three 
grades, Grand Cross or triple star, Commander 
or double star, and Chevalier or one star. The 
present decoration is a green-enamelled gold star, 


30 DECORATE URS. 


ball-tipped with gold rays in the angles. ‘This is 
surmounted by a faceted gold crescent, with two 
green stars in the field. In the green central 
medallion, in Arabic, is the Sultan’s monogram 
and, on the reverse, Arabic characters. The rib- 
bon is light green with two narrow white stripes 
each side. The earlier decoration is said to have 
been a gilt star of five ball-tipped points with 
faceted rays in the angles and surmounted by a 
ball-tipped crescent and looped to the suspension — 
ring by gilt cords. The crescent bore the name 
of the order in Arabic. The ribbon was red with 
a white star in the centre. Plate: XT. 


THE ORDER OF THE STA GP o- 
HELI was reorganized in 1888 by the Sultan of 
the island. No date has been found for its crea- 
tion nor do we know the name of its founder. 
This is not recognized by the French Colonial 
authorities, and very little information is ob- 
tainable. There were five classes, similar to the 
Legion of Honour. The decoration is a six- 
pointed gold star, in the centre of which are two 
stars and a crescent. The ribbon of red bears a 
crescent and two stars. 


THE ORDER OF THE SUA a 
confirming authority has been found for this 
decoration, which is attributed to Comoro. It is 


Pr. XI] 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


inpAAL: 


tte 


Nan (iliiugagetep 


Myf fisasaae mitt | 


COMORO 


Order of the Star of Comoro 


9 7 Py 
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FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS | PL. XII 


~ COMORO 


Order of the Sultan 


Pee eh COLONIES et 


said to have been founded by Said-Abdallah 
before 1860, though none of the French writers 
give any information on the subject. The decora- 
tion is a three-armed Moline cross, the upper arm 
of white enamel, the lower right in red and the 
left in blue. In the upper angles are silver bulls 
and in the lower angle is an eagle with spread 
wings standing on a native sword—both in silver. 
In the centre is a twelve-pointed star with a head 
of the Sultan. On the reverse, each arm of the 
cross and the centre of the medallion bear Arabic 
characters. No description of the ribbon is ob- 
tainable. Above the star and below the suspension 
ring is a sunburst. Plate XII. 


32 DECORATIONS OF 


MADAGASCAR 


This, the third largest island of the world, is 
about 1,000 miles long and 300 miles at the widest 
part. It is located in the Indian Ocean, and sep- 
arated by the Mozambique channel from Africa. 
Madagascar has been known to the Arabs for 
more than a thousand years and was first visited 
by the Portuguese in 1506. In 1643, Hamond, an 
English writer, having visited the country, pub- 
lished his book entitled Madagascar, the Richest 
and Most Fruitful Island in the World. From 
this title one may see why the various countries 
desired to control it. During the latter part of 
the seventeenth century and early in the eight- 
eenth the French had settlements along the coast, 
but wars with the natives interfered and it was 
not until 1861 that the island was opened to 
European trade and missions. Since that time 
the French have taken the lead in the settlement 
of the island. Madagascar became a French pro- 
tectorate in 1885 and from 1896* has been a col- 
ony. The inhabitants, called Madecassas or 
Malagache, were formerly divided into several 
tribes, the better known of which are the Saka- 
leves and the Hovas. The former had control 
from the middle of the seventeenth to the end of 


* French medals were issued for troops taking part 
in these expeditions of 1885 and 1894-6. 


Porc n COLONIES 33 


the eighteenth centuries. Since then, the Hovas, 
the most advanced and intelligent of these tribes, 
have ruled. The kings and queens have been as 


follows: 


Radama I, born 1792, became king in 1810 and 
died in 1828 aged 36; he was succeeded by one 
of his wives, 

Ranavalona I, who reigned from 1828 to 1861, to 
be followed by her son, 

Radama II, who reigned but two years (1861- 
1862). He was killed during a native uprising, 
and was succeeded by his wife, 

Rasoherina, who reigned as queen from 1863 to 
1868 when she died, and was followed by her 
cousin, 

~ Ranavalona II, who mounted the throne in 1868 
and reigned until her death on July 13, 1883. 
She, like her predecessor and her successor, 
married the Prime Minister, Rainilaiarivony. 
He was very powerful and was believed to be 
responsible for the trouble which brought 
about the French protectorate in 1885. At the 
death of Ranavalona II, she was succeeded by 
her niece, Razafindrahety, who took the title of 

Ranavalona III. She was crowned July 14, 1883, 
and continued on the throne until the French 
confined her on Reunion Island in 1897. Two 
years later she was sent to Algiers, and there 
she died in 1917. 


34 DECORATIONS. OF 


THE ORDER OF MERIT, or Order of Ra- 
dama II, as it is sometimes called, was instituted 
September 25, 1862, by King Radama II, with 
but one class. The decoration is a seven-pointed, 
white-enamelled star with gold rays in the angles, 
surmounted by a royal crown. In the central 
medallion is the head of the king in gold, facing 
to the left and surrounded by a blue-enamelled 
band inscribed RADAMA II MPANJAKA. On 
the reverse centre of gold is a palm tree with 
mountains in the distance, encircled by a band in- 
scribed MADAGASCAR. The ribbon is white 
with a blue band each side. Plate XIII. 


THE MEDAL OF MERIT was instituted by 
the same king at the same time, for the purpose 
of rewarding soldiers and others in the royal 
service. It was issued in silver and gold, of 32 
mm. diameter, with the head of Radama II facing 
to the left, surrounded by a wreath of palm 
leaves. The inscription reads RADAMA II 
MPANJAKA. The reverse bears the inscription, 
MADAGASCAR / ANTANANARIVO / 23 / 
SEPTEMBRE / 1862—also within a wreath of 
palms. The moiré silk ribbon is red and white 
with the white diagonally encroaching upon the 
red above the suspension ring, Plate. XTIT. 

The gold medal here illustrated has every ap- 
pearance of having been made in France. Ra- 


Pew COLONIAL ORDERS Pre ALT 


MADAGASCAR 
Medal of Merit 


Radama II 
Order of Merit 


ALT. Pee tt 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS PLSALY 


MADAGASCAR 


Order of Ranavalo 


PreeN CH COLONIES 35 


dama was partial to the French influence in his 
country, and may have instituted these decora- 
tions at the instigation of French officials. 


THe ORDER OF RANAVALO. This was 
probably founded by the queen, Ranavalona II, 
who reigned from 1868 to 1883, though no au- 
thority has been tound for its creation. The 
decoration is a seven-pointed star,* each point be- 
ing formed of three spear heads, resting on 
faceted rays, and surmounted by a native crown 
with seven feathers superimposed, and a_ bird 
above in the suspension ring. In the oval medallion 
‘are the initials R. M. (Ranavalona Mpanjaka) 
on a white field which takes up three-quarters of 
the oval; the other quarter, the lower right side, 
is red. The reverse is plain and the ribbon is white 
save for the lower right hand section, which is 
red. Plate XIV; 


Seppe Or MERIT MALAGACHE + 


This was instituted by the French Colonial De- 
partment May 14, 1901, as a reward to natives 
who were prominent in the commerce, industry 
or agriculture of the colony. There are three 
grades—gold, silver and bronze, 35 mm. in diam- 

* Jules Martin—1912—states the star has five 
branches. 


tMalagache, a name given the inhabitants of Mada- 
gascar. 


36 DECORATIONS 


eter. The medal is surmounted by six spears, and 
branches of palm and laurel. On the obverse is a 
head of the Republic, by Roty, with flowing hair, 
a liberty cap and crown of laurel, encircled by the 
motto REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE. On the 
reverse, within an oak and laurel wreath, is 
COLONIE / DE / MADAGASCAR 7 HON- 
NEUR / MERITE / TRAVAIL, Thevmoire 
silk ribbon is half blue and half white. 
Plate AV: 


THE MEDAL OF HONOUR was created by 
the same authorities at the same time and intended 
for a lesser reward. It is 25 mm. in diameter, ~ 
having a similar obverse, while the reverse bears 
a tablet inscribed HONNEUR / ET / TRAVAIL 
encircled by palm and laurel branches and MADA- 
GASCAR ET DEPENDANCES. The ribbon is 
maroon, edged with gold. Plate XV. 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS Pla 


MADAGASCAR 


Medal of Merit Medal of Honour 


% 
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r 


rr rerp ey ae 


“A 
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fre Chi COLONIES 37 


FRENCH INDO-CHINA 


The territory of French Indo-China lies to the 
extreme South-east of China, and east of Siam. 
The earliest knowledge we have of the region is 
derived from the Chinese historians who mention 
the Annamese of 2257 B.C. The country is now 
divided into the colony of Cochin-China and the 
protectorates of Annam, Cambodia, Laos and 
Tong-king. Cochin-China is under the direct ad- 
ministration of France through its Lieutenant 
Governor, who resides at Saigon. In Annam 
the Emperor Bao-Dai is nominal sovereign, as- 
sisted by the French Résident-Supérieur. In 
Cambodia the king directs the native administra- 
tion, assisted by a Résident-Supérieur. Laos has 
several departments, but that of Luang-Prabang 
only has a king, who is aided by a Résident-Su- 
périeur. In Tong-king the Résident-Supérieur 
in the absence of any sectional native ruler is 
the sole governor. 

French missionaries were established in this 
section in the seventeenth century * and the first 
treaty was made in 1787 with Gia-Long, the 
king of Annam, during the reign of Louis XVI. 

* Guillaume Mahot, of the Foreign Mission Society 
of Paris, went to Cochin-China in 1666 and died at 
Fai-fo in 1684. From Bulletin des Amis de Vieux Hué, 
page 408, 1915, No. 4. 


38 DECORATIONS OF 


In 1857 an expedition was sent out by France, 
since which time the gradual extension of con- 
trol has been brought about, and from 1883 the 
country has been entirely under French domina- 
tion. The satisfactory government of these col- 
onies is evidenced by the loyal support of the 
natives during the war with Germany, when sev- 
eral hundred thousand troops and workers were 
sent to France to assist the mother-country. Many 
millions of francs were subscribed by them for 
the war loans and relief societies. 

The only regional decoration which applies 
throughout all of Indo-China is the 


ORDER OF MERIT. Founded by the Gov- 
ernor-General at Saigon, April 30, 1900, as a re- 
ward for exceptional services rendered in agri- 
culture, commerce, industry and the arts. It is 
awarded to natives and to Asiatics only, and there 
are three classes, gold, silver and bronze. The 
decoration is a ball-tipped star of six points, 55 
mm. in diameter, surmounted by a suspension ring 
composed of two branches of laurel. In the 
round medallion are the words INDOCHINE: 
FRANCAISE, encircling two native characters, 
signifying To make known that which is beauti- 
ful. The ribbon is bright yellow. Plate XVI. 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS Pu XNA 


i! 


A ta 
See ATE NTRS 


| 


FRENCH INDO CHINA 


Order of Merit 


€ 
. 
e 
L 
ef PUARE LD 
* ba 
. ‘* 


Ps 


es Soe 


wf 


FRENCH COLONIES 39 


ANNAM 


This section of French Indo-China is a narrow 
strip north of Cambodia, south of Tong-king 
and between the mountains of Laos and the China 
Sede) t as\ a coast line of approximately 
nine hundred miles. The Annamese (Giao-chi) 
are of southern Chinese origin. ‘Their country 
_has frequently been overrun by the Burmese and 
Chinese. Toward the end of the eighteenth cen- 
tury, by the treaty between Gia-Long and Louis 
XVI, the country came under the influence of the 
French, and the “Kingdom of the South” has 
been generally prosperous as a French protector- 
ate. The native capital and principal city, Hue, 
is famed for its old walls, temples and gardens, 
as well as for its monuments and other antiquities. 
Hue is also the residence of the King, whose 
official native title is Koang-de, or Son of Heaven. 
The several decorations for Annamite citizens 
are the Bai, or plaque, the Khanh, or gong fron: 
its shape,* the Boi, or oval for suspension, the 
Tien, or Sapéque (a native coin). The Bai was 
made in gold or silver and was called the Kim- 
Bai or Ngan-Bai, according to the metal. The 

* The Khanh was originally an instrument of music, 
or gong of stone or bronze. The Annamite decora- 


tions having this form are called a gong. Hence 
Kim-Khanh, a gong of gold. 


40 DECORATIONS OF 


Khanh and the Boi were both issued in jade, gold 
and silver, hence the prefix, Ngoc, for jade. The 
Tien, or Sapéque, was issued in gold and silver; 
hence it becomes the Kim-Tién or Ngan-Tién. 
All of these decorations are worn on the breast, 
suspended by a silk cord from the neck, and bear 
a tassel suspended from a hole at the bottom of 
the piece. With the very high awards the tassel 
is replaced by a string of coral beads or pearls. 
When two or more decorations are worn at the 
same time they are suspended one above the other, 
with the tassel or coral at the bottom. 


BAI or PLAQUE. This insignia has been in 
use in China and Annam for centuries. The 
earliest known were of ivory and apparently were 
worn as a badge of office. During the reign of 
Gia-Long about 1802, the Ngan-Bai, or silver 
plaque, is said to have been worn by members of 
the Co-Mat, or Secret Council, as indicative of 
their position. In 1824/1825 the Emperor Minh- 
Mang seems to have issued regulations for the 
wearing of the Bai rather than, as some writers 
have supposed, rules for its creation. 

At the present time the Sovereign wears a 
rectangular plaque, made of jade, enriched by 
precious stones and bearing in engraved Annamite 
characters, ‘Peace and prosperity to the Son of 
Heaven.” Gold plaques or Kim-Bai are worn by 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


Pi. XVII 


ANNAM 


Kim Boi 


Bai or Plaque 


' 
a, 
* 
. 
t 
a 
. 
. 
ee: 
. 


Se Ry 


FRENCH COLONIES 41 


the members of the Royal family, the high court 
dignitaries, members of the Co-Mat, and are 
awarded to the higher French officials. The 
plaques are made in various shapes and sizes for 
all the different classes, generally oblong rec- 
tangles, though those of other wearers, like the 
women of the household, are oval. The mate- 
rial is silver, ivory, horn, ebony and lead according 
to the grade. On the face they bear the title of the 
individual wearing it, be he an official of the 
Palace, an officer of the army or a servant of the 
Royal household. There are at least twenty dif- 
ferent shapes and sizes. Sixty different classes 
of persons are entitled to wear the plaque or 
Bai.” Plate XVIT. 


KIM-KHANH or Gold Gong.+ This is the 
most important decoration of Annam, and for a 
very long time has been worn by Mandarins and 
others of high civil or military rank. It is made 
of jade, gold or plated gold. The exact date of 
its origin 1s not known, as the records for such 
things at Hué cannot be found. It was first 
known to Europeans in 1873, when the Emperor, 
Tu-Duc—in the twenty-sixth year of his reign— 
caused large gold models weighing from five to 


* No. 3, 1926. Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hué. 
¥ Also called Khin-Kham, Kim-Kam, or Kink-Cam, 
by various European writers. 


42 DECORATIONS OF 


six ounces to be made for presentation to the 
French admiral, then at Hanoi, and to other high 
officials. These bore on one side the native char- 
acters meaning Fidelity and Confidence. Two 
years later, another large Kim-Khanh was made 
and presented to the President of the French Re- 
public. In 1887, the second year of Dong- 
Khanh, four classes with multi-coloured silk fringe 
were authorized for Europeans. The inscription 
on one side denoted the grade—on the reverse 
was the name of the reigning monarch. In 1892 
the Emperor, Thanh-Thai (dethroned in 1907 
for his excessive cruelties to the women of his 
household), awarded the Kim-Khanh to Mme. 
Elisa Block for her great work in art,* and in 
1900 he decreed that there should be only three 
classes and limited the decoration to men only. 
Plates XVIII and XIX, 


* Translation of brevet to Mme. Block. “The sec- 
ond day of the eighth month of the fourth year of 
Thanh-Thai (September 22, 1892) the members of the 
Co-Mat (Privy Council) of the Great Empire of Annam 
have the honour to publish the present ordinance by 
which in the name of her Majesty, the Imperial Grand- 
mother, Tu-Duc-Bac-Hué-Khoung-Tho-Da: Wishing to 
recognise the great talent and precious qualities of Mme. 
Elisa Block, Sculptress, of Paris, we have awarded her 
a Kim-Khanh of the first class, provided with fringe and 
silk,” 

Note that it is awarded in the name of the Imperial 
Grandmother ! 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS. Pi. Viti 


5, ; 
' ae | 

+ 
| e 


Kim Khanh 


x il ae 
=) 
4 
a 
x 
n 
4 
Fors 
a 
a, : 
» , 
, ry 
hy 
Tal 


POCEEER RCE 4 


1H, oy 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


rissa 


PEA oa 


gia de buosemne ¢ at a4 
| eacaecete He veda at ARI 


t i jae ee eh tote enone 


a | le eset do wuede ay 


annette a ey ae me ae ame 


Brevet of Kim Khanh 


Pree COLONTIES 43 


The decoration, whether in gold or jade, is of 
a distinctive form with scrolled edges and is 
decorated with dragons or flowers. Both sides 
are alike, save for the inscription. The illustra- 
tion, Plate X VIII, has on the obverse DAI-NAM- 
HOANG-DE-SAC-TU, signifying “Given by 
his Majesty Hoang-De the Emperor of Great 
Annam,” and on the reverse NHUT HANG 
KIM-KHANH, signifying “Kim-Khanh of the 
First Class.” The hole at the top is for the silk 
neck cord; that at the bottom for the silk fringe 
or tassel, which is of violet, old gold and red, all 
held together by native knots. 

The writer has three specimens of this decora- 
tion, varying in size, ornamentation and lettering, 
which changed with the respective reigns. 


KIM-BOI (or Bo), meaning a suspended oval 
of gold, as Ngoc-boi means a jade oval, was insti- 
tuted in 1889 by the Emperor Thanh-Thai. Prior 
to that time the Khanh in jade, the Boi and Plaque 
in jade, had been utilized as awards of honour. 
Thanh-Thai in the first year of his reign (1888- 
1907) caused the Boi to be made in gold, silver or 
jade, and reserved it for women. Formerly the 
jade boi had been given to men as well as women. 
The decoration is an oval with scrolls and dragons 
on the edges, and in the medallion, THANH- 
THAI-NIEN-TAO, or “Made in the reign of 


44 DECORATIONS OF 


Thanh-Thai.” On the reverse is QUYNH- 
DIEU-VINH-HAO—* The beauty of Quynh and 
God is eternal.” * The Kim-B6oi was awarded in 
three grades and like the Khanh was suspended by 
a silken cord from the neck. It has, as well, a 
tassel hanging from the decoration. 


Plate XVII. 


When made in Annam the decorations of Kim- 
Boi and of Kim-Khanh are of two sheets of pure 
gold soldered together. When made in France 
they are usually of silver, gold plated. 


SAPEQUE D’HONNEUR or KIM-TIEN. 
Little is known of the origin of this decoration, 
although, like the Khanh, it has long existed. 
Whenever it was to be awarded it was made in gold 
by order of the monarch. In the thirteenth year 
of Minh-Mang (1832) one thousand Kim-Tien 
were ordered to be made. It was awarded to Man- 
darins, to the military, and to foreigners for ex- 
ceptional services, and to Princes and to Prin- 
cesses on their becoming of age. There are four 
classes; all bear on one side the name of the 
reigning Emperor. The other side varies. ‘The 
highest class has a rampant dragon with two native 
characters, Long-Van (“ornament of dragons”), 
in the centre. The first class has only the figure 
of the dragon; the second class is the same, but 
smaller; while the lowest class is still smaller and 


* Quynh is the name of a precious stone. 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS BON 


ANNAM 


Types of Sapeques 


at 
a 


euneta tel a 


ot we 


Ye 


PL. XXT 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


éques 


pes of Sapé 


Ty 


Pee COLONIES A5 


bears no dragon, but the two characters, Nhi- 
Nghi (sun and moon). On February 8, 1894, the 
Sapéeque in gold with a fringe and silk cord was 
conferred upon Madame Bert, the widow of Paul 
Bert, the former Resident-General of Annam and 
Tonkin.* 


SAPEQUE IN SILVER or NGAN-TIEN. 
Like the Sapéque in gold, little is known as to its 
origin. In 1832, during the reign of Minh-Mang, 
twenty thousand were ordered to be made as a 
reward to the soldiers and others in inferior posi- 
tions in the government. There are three classes, 
varying in size and decoration. All bear the name 
of the reigning emperor on one side. The reverse 
has a dragon for the first class; a smaller dragon 
for the second class, and native characters on 
that of the third class, which is pierced by a 
square hole at the centre. A larger and special 
model is sometimes given, bearing native char- 

* Translation of Brevet—‘ Hué, the third day of the 
first month of the sixth year of Thanh-Thai [February 
8, 1894]. The dynasty of Ean having a great person 
called Duong-Kum, who died after having rendered 
conspicuous services to the kingdom, had, in memory 
of the good works, given a decoration to his wife. 
Agreeably to the ordinance of her majesty the Im- 
perial Grandmother, we the members of the Co-Mat 
(Privy Council) confer on Madame Bert, a decoration 
of one Sapéque in gold, supplied with a fringe and a 
silk cord, for the services which the Governor General 
M. Paul Bert has rendered to the Annamite Govern- 
ment.” 


46 DECORATIONS OF 


acters on each side.. Owing to the fact that a 
decoration of the period of 1832 was awarded in 
1916 (and is in the writer’s collection with the 
brevet), it would appear that all of the twenty 
thousand ordered in 1832 have not yet been 
awarded. Plate XX. The native characters in 
the first class medal shown in Plate XXI are 
MINH-MANG-THONG-BUU or “ That which is 
recognized as precious in the reign of Minh- 
Mang.” 

Like the Sapéque in gold, this is suspended 
from the neck by a silk cord, with a fringe or 
tassel from the bottom of the decoration. 

The Sapéque is sometimes awarded in bronze. 

Plates XXI and XXII. 


THE MILITARY MEDAL OF ANNAM. 
This was established in 1886 by the regent, 
. Nguyén-hurn-Do, and is conferred solely on the 
native troops of Annam and ‘Tongking, for 
bravery or for wounds in service. The decora- 
tion is a round silver-gilt medal, with a dragon’s 
head and claws at the top, surmounted by two 
crossed swords of native type. On the obverse, 
between branches of oak and laurel, are native 
characters, denoting “Protectorate of Annam 
and Tongking. Valour and Discipline.” The re- 
verse is similar, with the inscription in French. 
The ribbon is yellow, edged with blue, and has 
two Annamite characters in the yellow centre. 


Pr XXL 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


juastiy cq enbedes sy} Jo JoAaig 


WVNNV 


ProAAy 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


ANNAM 


Plaque of Honour 1863 


FRENCH COLONIES 47 


PLAQUE OF HONOUR. This was instituted 
in 1863 by the Emperor, Tu-Duc, in the sixteenth 
year of his reign and awarded to those who as- 
sisted in the great famine of that period. The 
decoration is a thin silver oval plate 79 x 62 mm. 
and 13.5 grains in weight, bearing in the centre 
native characters LAC GUYEN NGAI DAN, 
“For lavish generosity in the help of the people.” 
The pin-point impressions on the edge indicate the 
weight of the piece.* Plate XXIII. 


MEDAL OF MERIT. This was issued during 
the epoch of Minh-Mang (1820-1840), and, as its 
name indicates, was probably awarded to the 
troops and civilians for exceptional services, 
though the writers on the subject say little about 
it. It is a thin oblong silver plaque, 64 x 50 mm., 
bearing in the centre Thuong Cong—signifying 
Reward of Merit. The pin-point impressions on 
the edge indicate the weight of the piece.+ 


ition vAl ORDER OF THE 
DRAGON was adopted at Hué, the capital, March 
14, 1886 (“the ninth day of the second month of 
the first year of his reign’), by the Emperor 
Dong-Khanh, as a reward for civil and military 


* Etudes Numismatique Annam, 1905, Schroeder, pp. 
506, No. 614. 

+ Etudes Numismatique Annam, 1905, Schroeder. 
Plate LXXX, No. 353. 


48 DECORATIONS OF 


service to the Emperor * or the Protectorate, and 
is sometimes conferred on women. It is the only 
Annamite Order which is recognized by France 
and was approved by the decrees of May 31, 1896, 
and of July 12, 1897. Like the other recognized 
Colonial Orders, it is under the control of the 
Minister of Colonies and the Grand Chancellor 
of the Legion of Honour. There are five 
classes, Grand Cross, Grand Officer, Commander, 
Officer and Chevalier, and the decorations are 
70 mm., 60 mm., and 40 mm. in size, accord- 
ing to the grade. The-decoration is a star of 
eight points formed of forty faceted rays and sur- 
mounted by an imperial crown, above which is a 
green-enamelled dragon. In the oval medallion of 
light-blue enamel are native characters in gold, 
DONG-KHANH-HOANG-DE, and Annamite 
heraldic rays, representing the sun, surround these 
characters. The reverse is plain and the decora- 
tion, the same for civilians and military, is of 
gold for all grades except that of Chevalier, 
which is of silver. The ribbon is green bordered 
with orange for civilians and white edged with 
orange for military members, The plaque is 99 
mm. in size, with a superimposed enamelled dragon 
holding the centre of the medallion. 
Plates XXIV and XXV. 


* Dong-Khanh was installed July, 1885, by the French 
Resident General, de Courcy. 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS Prax lV 


ANNAM 


Imperial Order of the Dragon 


om 


Pe Ae oo: 
gear 
* 


Mews 


é 


Pu XX V 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


RYE BONS 


* te e 


 Skm emeen ge pig Ap UnsuEdaR pide) ohoy 


Bu a 


TRIM, ONO 30 FpprDUeUegsr A LaKRE 


uw 


ADAG ete Rake GH Ee 
ASR RRR 
od XERRRAKR 


FRENCH COLONIES 49 


THE EMPERORS OF ANNAM SINCE 1802 


GIA-LONG (or Neguyen-Anh), who took the 
name of Gia-Long and title of Emperor on June 
I, 1802, and died February 3, 1820. 


MINH-MANG, born May 25, 1791, at Tan-Loc 
(son of Gia-Long “and his second wife, Prin- 
cess Thuan-Thien-Cao-Hoang-Hau), was en- 
throned February 14, 1820. He died January 
II, 1841, and was buried at Hien-Lang, August 
25, 1841. He created the Ngan-Bai, or silver 
plaque, in 1825 as a reward for Military services 
and in 1832 ordered the Tien as an award for 
exceptional services. 


THIEU-TRI, the eldest son of Minh-Mang, was 
born June 16, 1807, and proclaimed Emperor 
February 11, 1841. He died November 27, 
1847, and was buried June 24, 1848, at Xurong- 
Lang. 


TU-DUC, a son of Thiéu-Tri, mounted the throne 
October 29, 1848, and died July 19, 1883. It 
was during his reign that the Kim-Khanh first 
became known to foreigners. 


KIEN-PHUC was born February 12, 1869, elected 
Emperor November 29, 1883, and died July 31, 
1884. 


50 DECORATIONS 30 F 


HAM-NGHI, a brother of Tu-Duc, ascended the 
throne August 2, 1884, and died July 5, 1885. 


DONG-KHANH, born February 19, 1864. He 
was the oldest son of Prince Kien-Thau-Vurong 
(the 26th son of Thiéu-Tri), and was adopted 
son of Tu-Duc and the brother of Ham-Nghi. 
Elected Emperor September 20, 1885, he died 
January 28, 1889. He instituted the Imperial 
Order of the Dragon of Annam in 1886. 


THANH-THAI was declared Emperor February 
1, 1889, and dethroned September 9, 1907, by 
the French authorities for excessive cruelties to 
the women of his household and for opposing 
the French officials. He was sent to Reunion 
Island, November, 1916, with his son, Duy-Tan. 
During his reign the Kim-Boi was instituted. 


DUY-TAN, the son of Than-Thai, was declared 
Emperor September 9, 1907, when eight years 
of age. He was dethroned May 3, 1916, by the 
French authorities, when he left the Palace to 
join a rebellion against the French. They ar- 
rested him, and in November, 1916, he was 
sent to Reunion Island with his father, Than- 
Thai. 


KHAI-DINH (or Son of Heaven), the eldest 
son of Dong-Khanh, was born October 8, 1885, 
with the title of Prince Buru-Dao. He was 


freed COLONIES 51 


selected by the Annamite and French Colonial 
authorities to succeed Duy-Tan, and ascended 
the throne as Emperor May 17, 1916, assuming 
the title of Khai-Dinh. He died November 
6, 1925. 


BAO-DAI (meaning Greatness Sustained), his 
son, who was being educated in Paris, was 
elected Emperor at the age of thirteen years in 
January, 1926. He was named Vinh-thuy, and 
assumed the name of Bao-Dai when enthroned. 
He returned to Paris to complete his education, 
and a Conseil de Régence governs. 


52 DECORATIONS OF 


CAMBODIA 


The Southern section of French Indo-China is 
called Cambodge by the French and Sroc-Khmer 
by the natives. During the fifth century A.D., 
the Khmers, of Hindu origin, occupied the country 
and built many cities and monuments, notably 
those of Angkor-Thom and Angkor-Vat. The 
European name for Cambodia is probably derived 
from the Hindu, Kambu, the traditional founder 
of the Khmer clan. From the fourteenth to the 
end of the seventeenth century, the country was 
continuously at war with the Chinese from the 
North. The Annamese predominated in the popu- 
lation and controlled the country until the nine- 
teenth century. After the French occupation of 
Annam, the King of Cambodia, Norodom I, fear- 
ing the encroachment of Siam, concluded a treaty 
with France on August 11, 1863. Since that 
time the country has been a protectorate of France, 
under a Résident-Supérieur. The present native 
ruler is King Monivong, whose capital is Pnomh- 
Penh, on the Mekong River. 


THE ROYAL ORDER OF CAMBODIA was 
founded February 8, 1864, by the king, Norodom 
I (1835-1904), to reward civil and military serv- 
ices. There are the usual five classes, Grand 
Cross, Grand Officer, Commander, Officer and 


XXVI 


LEE 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


CAMBODIA 


Royal Order of Cambodia 


“ + 
- 2 ; 
sittetdeas . 
een gh tags: : 
-* ~~ F t 4a, : g 
= ~ ; 
bs a ros det ode 4 oy ae » 
~~ AL en a BE pi eave | 
yl a 
a ~ 
- a 
. » ~ 
: - 
= > Pu f ow - 
~ oF ve te i “ 
“. oe ee nate ee lee “© ee ; 
= — et i 4 
- : ‘ ig. 
y Sy ; , 
g f = 
, ip . + 
ae ate . 
al A f - ~ s - 
~~ : 4 
f ia oe I= ; 


Peewee COLONIES 53 


Chevalier. Foreigners are also given the decora- 
tion. The star of the chevalier is of silver; all 
others are of gold. The insignia is an eight- 
pointed faceted star of forty-eight rays  sur- 
mounted by a royal crown. On the centre, within 
a red-enamelled band, is a light blue medallion on 
which in relief are the arms of the kingdom in 
gold; at the bottom are two vases, one above the 
other, surmounted by a Cambodian royal crown of 
seven tiers. On these are superimposed the sacred 
swords of Phra-Khan, believed to have been given 
originally by Indra, the god of the air, to an early 
king of Cambodia. Flames are in the field. 

The reverse of the star is plain. The ribbon 
is red, edged with green, when the order is con- 
ferred by the Cambodian government, and with 
this ribbon a French citizen can wear the decora- 
tion in Cambodia only. When the order is con- 
ferred by the French authorities the ribbon is 
white, edged with orange; this change was 
effected by a decree of December 5, 1899. 

Plate XXVI. 


MepAt OF THE ROYAL ORDER. OF 
CAMBODIA. This is issued in gold, silver and 
bronze and awarded for services not warranting 
the Royal Order. It is 32 mm. in diameter, having 
on the obverse, within an oak and laurel wreath, 
NORODOM IER. ROI DU CAMBODGE, with 
sun rays above and below. On the reverse centre 


54 DECORATIONS CF 


is the mantled Arms of the kingdom, around which 
is * SOMDACH PREA NORODOM PREA 
CHAU CRUNG * CAMPUCHEA *. The medal 
is surmounted by a crown. The ribbon has three 
equal stripes of red, yellow and light blue. This 
medal is often called the era’ Medal of Noro- 
dom I. 


MEDAL OF SISOWATH was founded in 
1904 when Sisowath became King of Cambodia, 
upon the death of his brother, Norodom I. It 
is 32 mm. in diameter, and surmounted by a Cam- 
bodian royal crown. On the obverse, within an 
oak and laurel wreath, is SISOW ATH JER. ROI 
DU CAMBODGE, with rays above and below. 
On the reverse is the arms of the kingdom 
and the title of the king in native characters. The 
ribbon is of three equal stripes, red, yellow and 
purple. It is awarded to the military, as well as to 
civilians, for services to the kingdom. 


Plate XX VII. 


The MONI-SERPAHON, or Palmes of Cam- 
bodia, was founded by King Sisowath in July, 
1906, as a reward to teachers, artists and authors. 
It is modelled after the French Palmes Universi- 
taires. The decoration consists of silver-gilt palm 
and laurel branches—in the centre is an urn with 
flowers and a knot of ribbon. Obverse and re- 
verse are the same. The ribbon is bright yellow. 

Plate XX VII. 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS Pix xVil 


CAMBODIA 


Medal of Sisowath Moni Serpahon 


i at? PP 
a : by. 


yee Seme a, 


PL. XXVIII 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


pull 


nats 


\ 


Wiiinh 


AMBODIA 


‘3 


The Sowathara 


Pore oH COLONIES 55 


Pies ALTHARA, or ORDER OF 
AGRICULTURAL MERIT, was created June 18, 
1923, by royal ordinance, and approved by a decree 
of the Résident-Supérieur of France, of July 3, 
1923. It is to reward and honour agriculturalists 
of Cambodia and had three classes, Commander, 
Officer and Chevalier. The decoration is a four- 
armed cross, each arm composed of five rays, in the 
angles of which are bunches of wheat, cotton, 
palm and rice paddy. In the green-enamelled 
medallion is a gold representation of the three- 
towered temple of Angkor—the ancient capital of 
the country—surrounded by a gold circle. The 
cross is surmounted by a figure of the native earth- 


goddess, and is suspended by a green ribbon. 
Plate XXVIII. 


The temple of Angkor-Vat was built in the 
city of Angkor-Thom (Angkor the Great) by 
the Khmers, who came to this region from Burma 
and the Northeast, early in the Christian era. 
Apparently they were in the fullness of their 
power from the tenth to the twelfth centuries, and 
were surplanted in the fifteenth century. 


56 DECORATOR 


LAOS 


Part of Laos is in Siam and part in French 
Indo-China. The latter was largely ceded by 
Siam to France in 1893. The region west of 
Annam and North and Northeast of Siam has 
been a protectorate since that date. The country 
is inhabited by semi-civilized tribes and a mixed 
population from the surrounding regions. Vieng- 
chan (Vientaine) became the French capital of 
Laos, while the principal native city is Luang- 
Prabang (Kingdom of the Divine Buddha), in the 
province of the same name. Here resides Somdet 
Phra Chao Sisavang Vong, not only the King of 
Luang-Prabang, but in the native phrase—Master 
of Heaven and Life. 


THE ORDER OF VA) MICRO a 
PHANTS or THE WHITE PARAS Oo 
eight years or more this order has been awarded 
to natives and foreigners by the King of Luang- 
Prabang, though no information is available as to 
who created it, the date, or the reason for its 
award. The decoration is composed of three 
white-enamelled heads of elephants, below which 
is a peacock’s spread tail, and above are four oval 
shields and a royal native crown. Surmounting 
this on a scroll inscribed with native characters 
is the name of the order. The ribbon is bright 
red with two narrow gold stripes and an angular 
scroll design on each side. Plate XXIX. 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS Pie LX 


LAOS 


Order of a Million Elephants 


cae 


5 PPPs, i ee 
PN ES Ti a dacs oH ¥ 
de = ey Tas a 


PLY ae 


FRENCH COLONIAL ORDERS 


SEUSS sy eel ie 
Repernr 7 pp bo bavivkige 
on OR OD Lg 
: mp ep nip wf 
py phhorns proos Porvee pote: sy aT ahreorse iy 
Fanpert bawuz nbig “Terk 4 ee 


rg) 


> ap ae we 
Oe a a ee aT 
Ce graypel ser renege Fyn Virion 


4 LA) erty > ETN yy 


Bersiigiys spy Pigts pop 
ONVIE TOSVeVd NO L3 SLNVHd31Z.0 SNOITTIW S30 3u040.7 30 L3A3Ne 


DNVaVUa-ONVNI FC ANNVAOU 


Ng 


Pee eon COLONTES 57 


When honoured with the Order of the Million 
Elephants and the White Parasol, the brevet only 
is given; the recipient is required to purchase the 
insignia. Plate XXX. 


TONG-KING 


This northernmost section of French Indo- 
China, North and Northeast of Laos and Annam, 
became a French protectorate by treaty of June, 
1885. The French have been established in cer- 
tain coastal sections of the region since 1862. 
There are no local rulers of Tong-king, hence 
there are no native decorations or medals issued, 
except the Military Medal described under 
Annam. 


58 DECORATIONS 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


ANNUAIRE GENERALE DE LA FRANCE, 1920—21. 

Exrias ASHMOLE. The History of the most noble Order 
of the Garter. London, 1715. 

‘L. BrasterR & L. Bruner. Les Ordres Tunisiens. 
Paris, 1898. 

L. Brasier & L. Brunet. Les Ordres Coloniaux Fran- 
cats, Paris, 1800. 

Henry G. Bryant. The Land of the Golden Dragon, 
Bulletin of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia, 
April 1919. 

ARTHUR DacuiIn. Manuscript Notes, 1894 to 1918. 

Danc-Ncoc-OAnu, Secrétaire Géneral du Conseil de 
Régence. Les Distinctions Honorifiques Annamites 
—No. 4 Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hué, De- 
cember 1915. 

ANDREW Favine. The Theatre of Honour and Knight- 
hood. London, 1623. Translated from a French 
edition, 1620. 

Henrt Hucon. Les Emblémes des Beys de Tunis. 
Paris, 1913. : 

Jutes Martin pe Montarpo. Armoiries et Decora- 
tions. Paris, 1896. Supplement, 1910. 

Jutes Martin pE Montarspo. Les Decorations Fran- 
cases. Paris, 1912. 

PaSCHAL LE CHANOINE. Les Ordres Chevaleresque. 
Marseille, 1895. 

L. Soteny. Chef de la Sufeté de PAmaam ees 
Plaquettes des Dignitaires et des Mandarins a la 
Cour d’Annam. Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hué, 
No. 3, 1926. 


Miao ci COLONIES 59 


Poi oi PLATES 


Frontispiece. Morocco. Brevet or OuissAmM ALAOUiT 
CHERIFIEN. 

Plate I. Brevet AuTHORIZING THE RoyYAL ORDER OF 
CAMBODIA. 

Plate I]. Morocco. TRANSLATION OF BREVET OUISSAM 
ALAOUIT CHERIFIEN. 

Plate III. Morocco. OrperR oF NicHAN-HaFIDIEN. 
OrDER OF OuISSAM ALAOUIT CHERIFIEN. 

Plate IV. Morocco. OrprerR or MiLitAry MeriIT. 

Plate V. Tunts. Orper or Nicuan Irtikuar. Old 


Style. 

Plate VI. Tunis. Orprer oF Nicuan IrtikHar. New 
Style. 

Plate VII. Daunomery. OrpDER OF THE BLACK STAR OF 
BENIN. 


Plate VIII. MepaLt ror DAHOMEY. 

Plate IX. TayuraAH. OrpDER OF NICHAN-EL-ANOUAR. 

Plate X. Comoro. Royat ORDER OF THE STAR OF 
ANJOUAN. 

Plate XI. Comoro. ORDER OF THE STAR OF COMORO. 

Plate XII. Comoro. ORDER OF THE SULTAN. 

Plate XIII. Mapacascar. Orpder oF Merit, RapAMA 
II. Mepar oF Merit. 

Plate XIV. Mapacascar, OrRpbER OF RANAVALO. 

Plate XV. Mapacascar. Mepat or Merit. MEDAL OF 
Honour. 

Plate XVI. FreNcH INDo-CHINA. ORDER OF MERIT. 

Plate XVII. Annam. Bat or Prague. Krm-Bor. 

Plate XVIII. Annam. Kim-KHANH. 

Plate XIX. ANNAM. Brever oF KimM-KHANH. 

Plate XX. ANNAM. TyPEs OF SAPEQUES. 

Plate XX1. ANNAM. TyPES OF SAPEQUES. 

Plate XXII. Annam. BrREVET OF THE SAPEQUE 
D’ ARGENT. 


60 DECORA Vik ae 


Plate XXIII. ANNAM. Prague oF Honour, 1863. 

Plate XXIV. ANNAM. IMPERIAL ORDER OF DRAGON. 

Plate XXV. ANNAM. BREVET OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER 
OF THE DRAGON. 

Plate XXVI. Campopra. Royat OrpErR oF CAMBODIA. 

Plate XXVII.- Camsopnia. Mepart oF SisowatH. Moni 
SERPAHON. 

Plate XXVIII. Campopis... THE SOWATHARA, 

Plate XXIX. Laos, OrRpDER oF A MILLION ELEPHANTS, 

Plate XXX. Laos. BREvET OF THE ORDER OF A 
Mititi0on ELEPHANTS. 


Pmoeewon GOLONIES 61 


INDEX 
Page 
ALGIERS. 
Decoration du Chéia, or Order of the Silver 
EE Rie ie ewes owl ae ea ee cen 5 
ANNAM. 
CS a ge a 40 
Ne! ON iia wee sey ce oe 41 
ITE Ns a we ee gee tose ee 43 
Pometien of Sapeque in gold ................ 44 
eam bien. or Sapeque in silver .............%. 45 
I ly ho iceein ts a Sie we a bk te ee 46 
aieage or Honour for Famine ..............+. 47 
MNS ile cca sk eAUK Se ee ee 47 
Imperial Order of the Dragon ................ 47 
0 DSS le ie rie 38 
CAMBODIA. 
Movarrtaer of Cambodia. ..........0 2.6 sceee 2 
Military Medal of Norodom [ ...............-. 54 
MEIN PRS WOEM 4 fl sce nes in die os ae eee 54 
MN PAIN sk ot Sk ve ne ee en en lb we 54 
Sowathara, or Order of Agricultural Merit ..... 55 
Comoro, 
Royal Order of the Star of Anjouan ......... 28 
Meerrot ihe Star of Comoro ..... 2.0. 2s eee cee 20 
erler ot ihe Star of Moheli ........--.00e00e ee 30 
Me CHOU STITAT cob. ee ce he eee 30 
DAHOMEY. 
Order ot the Black Star of Benin .............. 23 
MUMERTECTGALOIUNG oc. sca ee ee ee eee eee 24 
Meenab tor Dahomey, 1802 <...-.. ieee emcee aes 25 
Laos. 
(rer ot a Million Elephants ..........0005.05 56 
MADAGASCAR, 
Mraemiuie wert of Radama Il ......:...0..+5. 34 
Miegatentemiert of Radama I] ..... 0.2.0.0 00 ce 34 
DM PIS ATIAVAIO cc soe ce ee pe he ce se wed 35 
Meaaivor Mert Malagache ...i. 00sec wees as 


Medal of Honour 


62 DECORA EOS 


Page 
Morocco. 
Order of Nichan-Hafidien or Ouissam-Hafidien .. 10 
Order of Ouissam Alaouit Cherifien ............ 10 
Cherifien Order of Military Merit ............. II 
TAJURAH OR OBOCK. 
Order of Nichan-el-Anouar’. J s.2 0 eee 26 
Medal of Djibouti ©. <2..i henson een anne ee a7, 
TuNnISs. 
Nichan Iftikhar, or Order of Distinction ...... 14 
Nichan-ed-Dem ~...0 0.0.95 «56> © eee 16 
Nichan-el-Ahmed-el-Aaman 2... ..5. 5.0. 59s 17 
Medal for Crimea, 1853: . 1.220 5220s eee 18 
Medal for Arab Uprising, 1864 9.225 18 
Medal of Adel Bey,1867 (720. 3. ee 19 
Medal of 1883. <0. 5 c)5 4), 3 pee eee ee 19 
Order of St. Mary of Mercy 225-35 en eee 20 
Order of the Ship). 2. osc. ee eee 20 
Order of St. Peter  ... .cot anes 21 
Order of St. Paul of Rome >...) 3. ae 21 
21 


Order of the Burgundian ‘Cross: J. jag. ee 


1. 


4. 


Nn 


ig 


8. 


9. 


10. 


11. 


Ads 


13. 


1 


NumisMAtTic Notes AND MONOGRAPHS 


Sydney P. Noe. Coin Hoards. 


6 pls. 50c. 


1921. 47 pp. 


Howland Wood. The Mexican Revolutionary 


Coinage. 1913-1916. 1921. 


$2.00. 


44 pp. 26 pls. 


. Agnes Baldwin. Five Roman Gold Medallions. 
1921. 103 pp. 8pls. $1.50. 


Sydney P. Noe. Medallic Work of A. A. Wein- 


man. 1921. 31 pp. 17 pls. 


$1.00. 


Gilbert S. Perez. The Mint of the Philippine 


Islands. 1921. 8pp. 4 pls. 


50c. 


David Eugene Smith, LL.D. Computing Jetons. 


1921. 7Opp. ‘25 pls. $1.50. 


Edward T. Newell. The First Seleucid Coinage 


of Tyre. 1921. 40 pp. 8 pls. 


$1.00. 


Harrold E. Gillingham. French Orders and 
Decorations. 1922: 110 pp. 35 pls. $2.00. 


7 pp. 2pls. 50c. 


GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 


TO 


00885 5856 


Howland Wood. Gold Dollars of 1858. 1922. 


R. B. Whitehead. Pre-Mohammedan Coinage of 
LN. W. rade: 1922. 56 pp. 


15 pls. $2.00. 


ontribution to 
i234 pp: 13 


: Coinage of 
pls. $1.50. 
ze Medallions. 


inage of 1823. 


yards—II. De- 
8 pls. $2.50. 


o* 
b 


Numismatic Notes AND MoNoGRAPHS 
oe (Continued) 


20. ‘Hietrold 1: Glitiegtiain. "agate nen aan 
and Medals of Honour, 1923. 146 pp. 34 — 
pls. $2.00, . : htt 

21. Edward T. Newell. Alexander Hoards—Iil. 
Andritsaena. 1924. 39pp. 6pls. $1.00. 

22. C. T. Seltman. A Hoard aba Side. 1924. 20 
pp. 3pls. $1.00. ah 

1 Soe | aay Se Seager. A Cretan Coin Hoard. 1924. 55 " 
pp. 12 pls. $2.00. 

24, Samuel R. Milbank. The Coinage of Aegina. 
1925. 66 pp. Spls. $2.00. ay 

25. Sydney P. Noe. A Bibliography of Greek Coin ; 
Hoards. 1925. 275 pp. $2.50. | 


26. Edward T. Newell. Mithradates of pihiveat! 


Hyspaosines of Charabene. 1925. 18 pp. 2 Pls. a4 

50c. Ae 

27. Sydney P. Noe. The Mende (Kaliandra) er ae 

| 1926. 73 pp. 10pls. $2.00. — me 

28. Agnes Baldwin. Four Medallions from the Arras . 
Hoard. 1926. 36pp. 4pls. $1.50. 


99. H. Alexander Parsons. The Earliest Coins of 3 


Norway. 1926. 4ipp. 50c. 


_ 30. Edward T. Newell. Some Unpublished Coins ef pa 
Eastern Dynasts. 1926.. 21 pp. 2 pls. 50c. 


31. Harrold E. Gillingham. Spanish Orders of Chiv- — 
alry and Decorations of Honour. 1926. 165. 
pp. 40 pls. $3.00. 


_ 32. Sydney P. Noe. The Coinage of Metapontum. 


1927 (Part I). 134 pp. 23 pls. $3.00. 


33. Edward T. Newell. Two Recent Egyptian 


Hoards—Delta and Keneh. 1927. 34 PP. 
iS ple, $£.00.: ae 


34. Edward Rogers. The Sebbnd and Third Seleucid ny 9 


Coinage of Tyre. 4927. 33 pp. 4pls. $1.50. 


. Alfred R. Bellinger. prAccarmia ‘Gyesnees 
Bronze Coinage. 1 (21 pp. 4 4 Pils. $1. 50. 3 


eee a ee : bt, ig a 


rae 


3 


